سبک زندگی اسلامی با محوریت سلامت

سبک زندگی اسلامی با محوریت سلامت

بررسی تولید و رها سازی محصولات تغییر ژنتیک ‌یافته از منظر فقه اسلامی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
محدثه مقدم فر 1
اکرم صفیری 2
علیرضا عباسی 3
1 دکترای فقه و حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه شهید مطهری. تهران، ایران
2 استادیار، گروه فقه دانشگاه شهید مطهری. تهران، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
هدف: محصولات تغییر ژنتیک‌یافته از موضوعات جدید و زیر مجموعه علم زیست فناوری است که محققان با مطالعات آزمایشی سعی در شناخت این محصولات و آثار آن دارند. اصل فناوری دخالت در ژنتیک گیاهی محل بحث ما در این پژوهش نیست؛ بلکه میخواهیم حکم جواز یا عدم جواز تولید و رهاسازی این محصولات را با فرض جایز بودن دستکاری آزمایشگاهی از نظر شرعی بررسی و تعیین نماییم.

مواد وروش: ازآنجا که موضوع مذکور از موضوعات مستحدثه و بین رشته‌ای است برای استخراج نظر شارع میبایست ابتدا نظرات کارشناسان و محققان این حوزه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و سپس مبتنی بر آن، طبق اصول و قواعد فقهی نظر شارع استنباط شود. ازاین‌رو گردآوری داده‌ها از مقالات، گزارشات معتبر جهانی و منابع اصیل فقهی به روش کتابخانه‌ای صورت پذیرفته و با رویکرد توصیفی تحلیلی مسئله فوق الذکر را مورد تحلیل وارزیابی قرار داده‌است.

یافته‌ها: مضر بودن یا نبودن این محصولات برای سلامت انسان مورد مناقشه میان متخصصین امر بوده‌است و نتایج تحقیقات دوگانه‌ و متناقضی در این‌باره وجود دارد. نکته حائز اهمیت یکی این است که مطالعات آزمایشگاهی که بی‌ضرر بودن این محصولات را ثابت می‌کنند، غالبا به سفارش شرکتهای تولیدکننده انجام شده‌است. و دیگراینکه غالب کشورهای جهان حتی کشورهایی که شرکتهای تولیدکننده بذر تغییرژنتیک‌یافته تابع آنها هستند تولید این محصولات را در کشور خود ممنوع کرده‌اند.

نتیجه‌گیری: رهاسازی کشت محصولات تغییرژنتیک‌یافته و به مصرف عموم رساندن آن چه درصورت احراز ضرر و چه درصورت احتمالی بودن آن، طبق مبانی شرعی و عقلی ممنوع است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تراریخت
دست‌کاری در ژنتیک گیاهی
ژنتیک گیاهی
محصولات تغییریافته
GMO
  1. Ahsan, Sima, "Labeling GM products dos and don'ts", Second National Food Security Seminar, Swadkoh: Islamic Azad University, 2011. [Persian] 
  2. Health Canada, Guidaelines for the safety Assessment of Novel food, Volume I and II 1994.
  3. Tawhidi Far, Masoud, "Comparison of the efficiency of plant breeding with genetic engineering", Journal of Biological Safety, No. 4, Winter 2015, p. 95. [Persian] 
  4. Fesenko,E and Edwards,R “Plant synthetic biology: a new platform for industrial biotechnology”, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volune 65, May 2014.p.1927.
  5. Conversation with Mansour Omidi, "Superficial view against genetics", Sharq newspaper, No. 2828 (March 2015), p. 1. [Persian] 
  6. Defrancesco,L “How safe does transgenic food need to be?” Nature Biotechnol, Volume 31, September 2013, p794.
  7. Anonymous. 2010. “A Decade of EU-Funded GMO Research” European Commission, January 2011, p. 10.
  8. https:// ec.europa. eu/ info/ news/ commissions- chief- scientific- adrisors-publish- statement- regulation-gene- editing- 2018- nov-13-en.
  9. Alessandro Nicolia, et al, “An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research”, Critical Review in Biotechnology, Volume 34, September 2013, p77.
  10. Key, S. Ma, J. K. & Drake, P. M. (2008). Genetically modified plants and human health. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101(6), 290-298.‏
  11. https: //www.who.int / food safety/ areas- work/ food- technology/ faq- genetically- modified- food/ en./
  12. Mohsenpour, Motahera and others, "Genetic Engineering and Food Security", Journal of Strategic Researches in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 2017, No. 2, H 3, p. 199... [Persian] 
  13. Mohsenpour, Motahera and others, "Genetic Engineering and Food Security", Journal of Strategic Researches in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 2017, No. 2, H 3, p. 199. [Persian] 
  14. Ehsani, Ruhollah, Harman Shilan, Tehran: Tasnim news agency, 1400, first edition, p. 296... [Persian] 
  15. International Assessment of Agricultrural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD). Agriculture at a crossroads: Synthesis report of the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development: A Synthesis of the Global and Sub-Global IAASTD Reports. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press؛ 2009. Available at: http://www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%2
  16. Heinemann, Jack A, et al, » Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest«Internatinal Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, August 2014, p1-13.
  17. Ehsani, Ruhollah, Harman Shilan, Tehran: Tasnim news agency, 1400, first edition, p. 115. [Persian] 
  18. Conversation with Vandana Shiva, "India's experience of genetically modified crops", Cheshme, special issue of Tasnim news agency, (August 2017), p. 26. [Persian] 
  19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articlelpi/S027869151530034X
  20. Cleve James. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops, ISAAA, 2012, Available at: http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/44/download/isaaa-brief-44-2012.pdf.
  21. Benbrook,c »Impacts of genetically engineered Crops on pesticide use in the U.S- The first sixteen years«Environment Sciences Europe, September 2012, P.1186
  22. Heinemann, J A, et al, » Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest«Internatinal Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, August 2014, p1-13.
  23. Conversation with Vandana Shiva, "India's experience of genetically modified crops", Cheshme, special issue of Tasnim news agency, (August 2017), p. 20. [Persian] 
  24. Ehsani, Ruhollah, Harman Shilan, Tehran: Tasnim news agency, 1400, first edition, p. 291. [Persian] 
  25. Séralini, G-E, Clair,G et al»,Longe term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize«Elsivier:Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012, 50,P.4221-2234. Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize, Environmental Sciences Europe,January 2014,P.1.
  26. EndScience censorship.org. Statement: Journal retraction of Seralini GMO study is invalid and an attack on scientific integrity, 2014, Available at: http:www.endsciencecensorship.org/en/page/statement#.UwUSP14VFY4.Accessed February 19, 2014.
  27. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMMLMVAgDVg.
  28. http://non_gmoreport.com/articles/scientists-ground- breaking-research-uncovers-new-risks-gmos-glyphosate/
  29. Carman,G A,Vlieger,H R, et al, “Allong-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM)soy and GM maize diet”, J Org Syst, 2013, 8, P.38-54.
  30. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articlelpi/S027869151530034X
  31. Malatesta,M, et al,“Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean”, European Journal Hitochemistry, February 2003,P. 385-388؛ Malatesta,M, et al, “Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybeen”, Cell Struct Funct,A 2002,P.173-180.
  32. Heaney,R P, et al, »Dietary Changes Favorably Affect Bone Remoldaling in Older Adults«Journal of the American Dietetic Association,October 1999,vol 99,P.1228-1233; Heaney R P»,Mik,pregnancy, Cancer May Be Tied«Reuters,2002.p.1.
  33. Ferrara,J »Revolving Doors: Monsanto and the Regulators«The Ecologist,Voleme 28, Sept/Oct 1998, p68.
  34. Kohen,R »Milk, the Deadly poison«Argus Press, Inglewood Cliffs, NJ, 1997: 67-96.
  35. Ryan,A, et al, »Genetically Modified crops: the Ethical and Social Issues«Nuffield Council on Bioethics,1999, p140-141.
  36. Hardell L, Eriksson M, “A case- control study of non- hodgkin lymphoma and exposure to pesticide”, Concer,Volume85, November 2000. P1353-1360.
  37. Hardell L, Eriksson M, “A case- control study of non- hodgkin lymphoma and exposure to pesticide”, Concer,Volume85, November 2000. P1353-1360.
  38. Conversation with Vandana Shiva, "India's experience of genetically modified crops", Cheshme, special issue of Tasnim news agency, (August 2017), p. 27.
  39. http://www.centefor food safety.org/press-releases/3766/one-gmos-safe-no-consensus-the-science-scientists-say-in-pee-reviewed-statement
  40. Seralini G-E,et al, “Genetically modified crops safety assessment: Present limits and possible improvements”, Environment Sciences Europe, 2011, p23؛ Seralini G E,et al, “New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity”, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 2007, Volume 52, p.596-602؛ Spiroux de Vendomois Y,et al, “Acomparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mamma lia health”, Int J Biol Sci, Volume 5, 2009, p706- 726.
  41. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Biotechnology consultation note to the file BNF No 00077. Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 2002, Availlable at: http://bit.ly/ZUmiAF.
  42. Malatesta,M, et al,“Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean”, European Journal Hitochemistry, February 2003,P. 385-388؛
  43. Malatesta M,et al, “Along study on femal mice fed on GM soy been”, Histochem Cell Biol,Volume 130, 2008,p967.
  44. Trabalza-Marinucci M, Brandi G, Rondini C, et al. “A three-year longitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modified Bt176 maize on the health status and performance of sheep”,Livest Science,Volume 113, 2008, P.178-190.
  45. Gu J, Krogdahl A, NH S,et al, “Effects of oral Bt-maize(MON810) exposure on growth and health parameters in normal and sensitised Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L”, British Journal of Nutrition,Volume 109, 2013, P.1408-23. Doi: 10.1017/S000711451200325X.
  46. Poulsen M, Kroghsbo S,et al, “A 90-day safety study in Wistar rats fed genetically modified rice expressing snowdrop lectin Galanthus nivalis (GNA)”, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 45, 2007,P.350-63. Doi: 10. 1016/ j.fct.2006.09.002;
  47. Nagui Fars H, Adel K El-Sayed, “Fine structural changes in the ileum of mice fed on delta- endotoxin- treated potatoes and transgenic potatoes”, Nat Toxins, Volume 6, P 219-33.
  48. Pusztai a, “Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine”, The Lancet, Volume 354,October 1999, P.1353-4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05860-7؛Pusztai A, Bardocz S, “GMO in animal nutrition: Potential benefits and risks In”, Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals, Volume 4,Elsevier Limited, 2006, P.513-540. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877182309701043.

 

  1. El-Shamei ZS,et al, “Histopathological changes in some organs of male rats fed on genetically modified corn (Ajeeb YG)”, Journal of American Science,Volume10, September 2012, P.684-696.
  2. Tudisco R, et al, “Genetically modified soya bean in rabbit feeding: Detection of DNA fragments and evaluation of metabolic effects by enzymatic analysis”, Animal Science,Volume 82, April 2006, P. 193-199. Doi: 10.1079/ASC200530.
  3. Carman J A, et al. “A long-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM) soy and GM maize diet”, Juornal of organic System, 2013, Volume8,P 38-
  4. Kala Ch, “uprotection Against FCA Induced Oxidative Stress Induced DNA Damage as a Model of Arthritis and In vitro Anti arthritic Potential of Costus speciosus Rhizome Extract”, International Journal of Pharma cognosy and Phytochemical Research, Volume 7, January 2015, P 383-389.
  5. Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, Qom: Islamic Publications Office of the Qom Seminary Teachers, 1417 AH, vol.2, fifth edition, p.64. [Persian] 
  6. Fazl bin Hasan Tabarsi, Majma al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an (Tehran: Nasser Khosro Publications, 1372, 3rd edition) vol.1, p.251. [Persian] 
  7. Mohammad Asif Mohseni Kandahari, Jurisprudence and Medical Issues (Qom: Bostan Kitab Qom, 2012, first edition) vol.2, p.14. [Persian] 
  8. Nasser Makarem Shirazi, Tafsir Muneh (Tehran: Darul Kitab al-Islamiya, 1374, first edition) vol.2, p.75. [Persian] 
  9. Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, Qom: Islamic Publications Office of the Qom Seminary Teachers, 1417 AH, Volume 2, Fifth Edition, p. 145. [Persian] 
  10. Mohammad bin Yaqub Kilini, Al-Kafi (Tehran: Darul-e-Kitab al-Islamiya, 1407 AH, 4th edition) Vol. 5, p. 293). [Persian] 
  11. Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, Qom: Islamic Publications Office of the Qom Seminary Teachers, 1417 AH, vol.2, fifth edition, p.64. [Persian] 
  12. Nasser Makarem Shirazi, a sample interpretation (Tehran: Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiya, 1374, first edition) vol.2, p.36. [Persian] 
  13. Fazl bin Hassan Tabarsi, Majma al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an (Tehran: Nasser Khosro Publications, 1372, 3rd edition) Vol.2, p. 516... [Persian] 
  14. Valai, Isa, Annotative Dictionary of Usul Terms, Tehran: Nei Publishing House, 2007, sixth edition, p. 127. [Persian] 
  15. Mohammad Taqi Hakim, Al-Usul al-Amee for Comparative Fiqh (Qom: World Assembly of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) 1418 A.H. second edition) p. 194... [Persian] 
  16. Engdahl, William, Seeds of Destruction, translated by Qasim Deliri, Tehran: Qaqnos, 1398, first edition). [Persian] 
  17. Ehsani, Rohollah, Harman Shilan, Tehran: Tasnim News Agency, 1400, first edition, p. 113, [Persian] 
  18. (Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai, Marjih al-Kafayeh (Qom: Allameh Tabatabai Scientific and Intellectual Foundation, Beta, 1st edition) vol.2, p.206). [Persian] 
  19. Muhammad Taqi Hakim, Al-Usul al-Uma fi Fiqh al-Maqarn (Qom: World Assembly of Ahl al-Bayt, 1418 AH, second edition) p.192). [Persian] 
  20. http://www.nytimes.com /interactive /30 /10/2016/business/gmo
  21. Heinemann, J A, et al, » Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest«Internatinal Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, August 2014, p1-13.
  22. http://www.nature.com/news/the-raco-to-create-Super-crops-1.19943.
سبک زندگی اسلامی با محوریت سلامت
دوره 8، شماره 3
پاییز 1403
صفحه 482-501