In a world governed by the Lordship of the One Almighty God, it is evident that no event or affliction occurs without divine wisdom. Among the most common afflictions that human beings have continually faced throughout history is illness. A patient's perception of illness and the manner in which they respond to it can play a significant role in determining how they endure the suffering and distress associated with disease. The hadiths of the Infallibles (peace be upon them) provide valuable guidance regarding patients' duties for responding to illness in an optimal and effective manner. This study was conducted using a library-based approach and employed descriptive-analytical, conceptual analysis, and documentary analysis methods. Relevant hadiths concerning patients' duties within the healthcare system were collected from the Encyclopedia of Medical Hadiths (Dāneshnāmeh-ye Ahādith-e Pezeshki). The selected narrations were then classified and analyzed in accordance with the objectives of the study. The findings indicate that, according to the hadiths, patients' duties can be categorized into two overarching domains: (a) patients' duties in dealing with illness, and (b) patients' duties before God. Within the framework of the Islamic monotheistic worldview, patients' duties in dealing with illness include: 1- concealing one's illness, 2- disclosing the illness to a physician, and 3- refraining from taking medication whenever possible. Patients' duties before God include: 1- patience, 2- gratitude, 3- supplication (duʿāʾ), 4- believing that illness is a divine test, 5- refraining from asking God to afflict one with illness, and 6- giving charity (ṣadaqah).