Islamic lifestyle with a focus on health

Islamic lifestyle with a focus on health

Determining and Comparing the Effect of Positive Normative Feedback on Simultaneous and Delayed Observational Learning of Racket Aiming Skills of Adolescent Girls

Authors
Maliheh Mones Toosi 1
Mahdi Namazizadeh 2
Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mousavi 3
Marzieh Belali 1
1 Department of Motor Behavior, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Physical Education, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3 Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of 
determining and comparing the effect of positive normative 
feedback on simultaneous and delayed observational learning 
of racket aiming skills of adolescent girls.
Materials and Methods: This research is semi-experimental, 
the participants were 40 girls aged 16 to 18, who were 
randomly divided into two groups of simultaneous 
observational learning and delayed observational learning. 
The implementation protocol lasted for 3 days and the task was 
to execute a tennis forehand shot with the non-dominant hand 
towards a concentric target on the floor. on the first day of the 
pre-test, then the acquisition phase after an hour of rest after 
the test; On the second day, the memorization test was 
performed and on the third day, the transfer test was 
performed. For the simultaneous group, the video was playing 
at the same time as the people were performing, but for the 
delayed group, they started tapping after the end of the video. 
In order to determine the effects of independent variables, 
SPSS statistical software version 26 was used to analyze the 
data of this research. Descriptive statistics were used to draw 
graphs, average and standard deviation, and inferential 
statistics (variance analysis) were used to analyze hypotheses.
Findings: No significant difference was observed in the stages 
of memorization and transfer.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present research, the 
delayed observational learning group performed significantly 
better in the post-test stage compared to the simultaneous 
observational learning group. 
Keywords
Positive Normative Feedback
Observational Learning
Simultaneous Observational Learning
Delayed Observational Learning
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